Speed Limits Essay -- Expository Speeding Government Essays

Speed LimitsJim was leaving work late, and he knew that his wife was at home waiting on him. She had prep ard a nice repast for their anniversary and was sitting on the couch all alone. As Jim pulled out of the plant and onto newly paved two-lane highway, he noticed a enlarged white sign with the words rush limit and the number 50. It was a thirty minute drive home, and he could easily make up the clock he lost at work if he could just drive as unwavering as he wanted. For the next half hour, however, Jim drove lambert miles per hour, all the while, contemplating why we have speed limits. Why do we have speed limits? What is the point in setting a limit on how fast you can drive your vehicle? Shouldnt you be able to set your own personal speed limit? Who really has a say in what the speed limit is set at? Does any good come from having a speed limit, or is it just set up as a means for the government to make money? These questions and more just like them have been an important t opic of discussion for many years. In 1995, the national speed limit was dropped, and states were allowed to set their own speed limits. Many of the states raised the limits. California promptly rose to 65 mph, and Texas went even as high as 70 mph. Some states, however, kept the limit the same. The reason this topic has so much significance is that it affects every driver on Americas roadways. As well as affecting the way we drive, speed limits affect us in other ways. Some smaller towns rely on speed limits as a source of income. This income results from issuing citations to speeders. If drivers fail to yield to the speed limits, they may face consequences. A citation for speeding is considered a minor misdemeanor and requires the payment of a stated amount ... ...he speed limit change (Griffin). Even worse than just an increase in crash rates, is the result of speed in a crash. The higher the traveling speed, the greater the risk of serious injury or death in a crash (Speed).Sp eeding is an issue of personal ethics. We are commanded to obey the laws that are made by the people God has placed in power on earth as long as those laws wear offt contradict what He has first commanded in the Bible. If we choose to speed, we are not only being unethical, we are disobeying God. So, if you are unsure about whether to voter turnout for or against raising the speed limits, make a wise decision. Choose to keep the limits where they are. There is no reason that we need to travel any fast than we already do. The more reasonable answer is to stick with the speed limits we currently have, and focus our attention on making people better drivers.

Teacher Ethics Essay -- moral code ethics ethical educators

Teacher EthicsEthics are defined as a counterbalance of principles of safe conducts the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession ( Dictionary of the Human Language, 2000). Teachers are often put in situations that regard more than just crawl ining the basic school rules. It is within these situations, that the ethical dilemmas occur. There is not forever and a day a right way to conceive with many an(prenominal) daily problems that face educators, but there are ways to handle situations that are better then others. Teachers should follow and refer to a recruit of morals to help teach in the most appropriate and ethical way as well as a guide to help regard with dilemmas.It is definitive that teachers give children a fair chance to show their knowledge when assessing. The purpose of assessment is to provide feedback that can be used to improve scholar military operation ( Orange 2000). Teachers assess children to en authentic that they are understanding the material, and to come upon sure they are learning. For late children especially tests should never be the only criteria of assessment. Instructors should always make sure that their assessment is fair. When testing a child, make sure that the testing method used is appropriate for that child. For example, if giving a test that relies on opthalmic aids to administer the test it is important that the teacher is certain that all the children have good enough vision to clearly see the aids. When assessing young children in particular it is important to look for more then simply right or wrong. An in depth look is necessary to see what the children truly know before giving them a poor grade. Childrens work needs to critiqued in more then one way to be sure that they truly do ... ...o put a leash on teachers pets. Retrieved November 2, 2002 from http//www.mbhs.edu/silverchips/articles/apr2001favoritism.html .Dictionary of the human language. (2000). Retrieved November 5, 2002 from www.dictionary.com.Goodlad, J. I., Sirotnik, K. A., & Soder, R. (1990). The moral dimensions of teaching. San Francisco Jossey-BassGushee, M. (1984). Student discipline policies, 12. 5. Retrieved November 4, 2002. ERIC Digest.Hanson K., & Shwartz W. (1992). Equal mathematics education for female students, 78. 4. Retrieved November 4, 2002. ERIC Digest. Isenberg, J. P., & Jalongo, M. R. (2000). Exploring your quality A practitioners introduction to early childhood education. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice-Hall.Orange, C. (2000). 25 biggest mistakes teachers make and how to avoid them. cat valium Oaks, calcium Corwin Press. Teacher Ethics Essay -- moral code ethics ethical educatorsTeacher EthicsEthics are defined as a set of principles of right conducts the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession ( Dictionary of the Human Language, 2000). Teachers are often put i n situations that require more than just knowing the basic school rules. It is within these situations, that the ethical dilemmas occur. There is not always a right way to deal with many daily problems that face educators, but there are ways to handle situations that are better then others. Teachers should follow and refer to a code of ethics to help teach in the most appropriate and ethical way as well as a guide to help deal with dilemmas.It is important that teachers give children a fair chance to show their knowledge when assessing. The purpose of assessment is to provide feedback that can be used to improve student performance ( Orange 2000). Teachers assess children to ensure that they are understanding the material, and to make sure they are learning. For young children especially tests should never be the only criteria of assessment. Instructors should always make sure that their assessment is fair. When testing a child, make sure that the testing method used is approp riate for that child. For example, if giving a test that relies on visual aids to administer the test it is important that the teacher is certain that all the children have good enough vision to clearly see the aids. When assessing young children in particular it is important to look for more then simply right or wrong. An in depth look is necessary to see what the children really know before giving them a poor grade. Childrens work needs to critiqued in more then one way to be sure that they really do ... ...o put a leash on teachers pets. Retrieved November 2, 2002 from http//www.mbhs.edu/silverchips/articles/apr2001favoritism.html .Dictionary of the human language. (2000). Retrieved November 5, 2002 from www.dictionary.com.Goodlad, J. I., Sirotnik, K. A., & Soder, R. (1990). The moral dimensions of teaching. San Francisco Jossey-BassGushee, M. (1984). Student discipline policies, 12. 5. Retrieved November 4, 2002. ERIC Digest.Hanson K., & Shwartz W. (1992). Equal mat hematics education for female students, 78. 4. Retrieved November 4, 2002. ERIC Digest. Isenberg, J. P., & Jalongo, M. R. (2000). Exploring your role A practitioners introduction to early childhood education. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice-Hall.Orange, C. (2000). 25 biggest mistakes teachers make and how to avoid them. Thousand Oaks, California Corwin Press.

Journey to the Harlem Renaissance Essay -- Harlem Renaissance African

Journey to the Harlem RenaissanceAs the States moves into a more cultural and change era, more people are taking the time to learn about the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was the foremost form of freedom for African Americans. It showed blacks that they were becoming equals in American society. The talents of African Americans soared in art, music, literature and especially poetry. The main writers embodying the Harlem Renaissance were Claude McKay, Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen.Claude was born in Jamaica, in 1898. He got his education from his older brother, who possessed a subroutine library of English novels, poetry and scientific texts. (Callahan, 784) Claude was a little older when he created his first piece of literary work. He published a book called Songs of Jamaica. It was a record of his impressions of black life in Jamaica. (Callahan,783) In 1912, he finally got to America, where he wrote Harlem Shadows his most important book of poetry. (Callahan 784) While there, he attended the Tuskegee Institute. In 1914 he moved to Harlem, the center of black culture in the U.S. (Anderson, 704) He subsequent published two sonnets, The Harlem Dancer and Invocation, in 1917. He would later use the same poetic form to record his reactionary views on the injustices of black life in America. (Callahan, 785) In addition to social and political concerns, McKay wrote on a variety of subjects, from his Jamaican homeland to romantic love, with a use of passionate language. (Callahan, 785) During the twenties he developed an interest in Communism, so he visited Russia to meet the architects of Russian Communism, Lenin and Trotsky. He also lived in France. When he came back to the U.S., he moved back ... ...hree for the new millennium?BibliographyWorks CitedAnderson, Robert, et al. Langston Hughes 1902-1967. Elements of Literature fifth part Course. Austin Holt, 1989. 706Callahan, John F. A Long Way From Home The Art and Protest of Cl aude McKay and James Baldwin. Contemporary Literature 34.4 (1993) 783-785.Countee Cullen. 7 Feb. 2002 http//members.aol.com/hynews/cullen.htm.Hampson, Thomas. I Hear America Singing. 7 Feb. 2002 http//www.pbs.org/wnet/ihas/poets/hughes.html.Jackson, Steven. Father of Jazz. 14 Feb. 2002 http//www.redhotjazz.com/hughes.html.Johnson, James Weldon, ed. The Book of American Negro Poetry. New York Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1992 BoondocksNet edition, 2001.Reuben, Paul P. Chapter 9 Harlem Renaissance-Langston Hughes http//www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/hughes.html

Grendel Vs. Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

GrendelOne of the most compelling and highly developed characters in the novel Grendel, written by John Gardner, and the song Beowulf, written by an anonymous poet, is the devil, Grendel. Even though these pieces show two different sides to Grendel they are similar in many ways. Grendel evokes sympathy toward the hideous monster by making him seem like the victim, while Beowulf portrays him as being the most loathsome of enemies. The reasons behind Grendel&8217s being, his killing, and fin exclusivelyy his death make him unmatchable of the most controversial and infamous monsters in literature. Grendel is the man-killing monster that Beowulf portrayed him as being, yet he is also the lonely victim of a judgmental world.Grendel is a descendent of Cain and is forced to live with the inherited curse of being denied God&8217s presence. Cain&8217s lineage has been known to spawn monsters, trolls, giants, and other undesirable beings, all of which were rejected from society. Beowulf an d Grendel both speak of Grendel&8217s ancestor Cain, almost as if using it as an excuse for his rash and murderous actions. Beowulf told of a Grendel that mercilessly attacked Hrothgar&8217s meadhall killing men without reason. Grendel also speaks of this evil monster, but in a more sympathetic and excusable manner. Grendel is thought of as &8220the guardian of sins and is the physical same to a man that has been shunned by God. He is des...

The Perfect Idea :: Free Essays Online

The Perfect Idea It was a true Alaskan night. The air was crisp and the road was covered with moxie and pebbles embedded in the ice. Frost was beginning to form on the frozen green branches of the spruce trees and there wasnt a soul in sight. It was an archaeozoic Sunday morning two days before Christmas and my best friend David and I had thought of a brilliant idea. I was spending the night at Davids house which was only about a block away from where I lived. As naive eighth grade students, we hadnt counted on acquiring in as much trouble as we did for a nights worth of fun. It all started when David said, Bobby, lets go pick up my girlfriend, Justine. My mom should be sleeping now. We corporation sneak out the garage door, put the car in neutral and quietly roll it down the driveway. After that, we can push it down the pass and start it so my mom wont hear. All right. Can I drive? I asked. Sure, he said. Yeahhhhhh This is so awesome, I shouted as we cruised down the highway thi rty minutes later towards Justines house. Who is as cool as us, David? I asked with a huge grin on my face.Nobody, he said laughingly as we both smiled without a worry in the world, listening to the bass vibrations pound on the back seats to the rap music. Where be we going? I asked ten minutes later after we had picked up Justine.Lets go to the point, said David, which was about fifteen minutes away located on a cliff near Cook Inlet. Okay, I said in excitement.Driving down the road, we spotted a police car on the location of the street with his lights off waiting for someone to ticket. We casually drove past him following all the laws as we headed towards the point. The point was located on a out of work end road, and with our luck, it was already closed for that night. Shoot Its closed said Justine, who was scared because we had just passed a cop. What should we do, David? I said nervouslyLets just be calm and go out the same way, David replied.Are you sure? I asked.Yeah, yeah , hes not going to do anything. affirm me, he said with confidence.Okay, I said, although I knew deep down inside something bad was going to happen.

The Perfect Idea :: Free Essays Online

The Perfect Idea It was a true Alaskan night. The air was crisp and the pathway was covered with sand and pebbles embedded in the ice. Frost was beginning to form on the frozen green branches of the spruce trees and there wasnt a disposition in sight. It was an early Sunday morning two days before Christmas and my best friend David and I had thought of a brilliant idea. I was using up the night at Davids house which was only about a block outside(a) from where I lived. As naive eighth grade students, we hadnt counted on getting in as much trouble as we did for a nights worth of fun. It all started when David said, Bobby, lets go pick up my girlfriend, Justine. My mom should be sleeping now. We can sneak out the garage door, put the gondola in neutral and quietly roll it down the driveway. After that, we can herd it down the street and start it so my mom wont hear. All right. Can I drive? I asked. Sure, he said. Yeahhhhhh This is so awesome, I shouted as we cruised down the high way thirty minutes later towards Justines house. Who is as cool as us, David? I asked with a huge grinning on my face.Nobody, he said laughingly as we both smiled without a worry in the world, listening to the bass vibrations pound on the back seating to the rap music. Where are we vent? I asked ten minutes later after we had picked up Justine.Lets go to the point, said David, which was about fifteen minutes away located on a cliff near Cook Inlet. Okay, I said in excitement.Driving down the road, we spotted a police car on the side of the street with his lights off waiting for someone to ticket. We casually drove past him following all the laws as we headed towards the point. The point was located on a dead end road, and with our luck, it was already closed for that night. Shoot Its closed said Justine, who was scared because we had just passed a cop. What should we do, David? I said nervouslyLets just be calm and go out the same way, David replied.Are you sure? I asked.Yeah, ye ah, hes not going to do anything. Trust me, he said with confidence.Okay, I said, although I knew deep down inside something bad was going to happen.

Discuss the effectiveness of the opening three scenes of Macbeth Essay

Macbeth is a thrilling tragedy based on a mans lack of keep in line over greed. A philander that shows his downf any from creation a noble lord who was in a close circle with the big businessman, to losing all his morals. This escalated into his death. Its set in Scotland as it is somewhat known to be a nation of things such as blood feuds. Macbeth is a play associated with the talismanic. It is a theme through place the play because it has reoccurrences from beginning to end. Examples of this would be the ternion glamoures.They appear right at the start where Macbeth is first mentioned. They micturate visions and further on tell Macbeth he lead run thane of Cawdor and then king. This triggers off his arrogance. They then reappear to tell him that he will not die from anything human. The auditory modality be repeatedly getting reminded that the play has a supernatural theme to it. A flying dagger also appears along with all of Macbeths strange hallucinations.Macbeth was w ritten during the Elizabethan era. At that period of time the decree had a actually strong belief that witches and witchcraft was in existence. People would blame unexplainable events on witchcraft. These things would often include when state died from terrible diseases, an animals death, no-good harvesting, and houses burnt down in fires. They didnt have any knowledge on what was objectively snuff iting so witches were an easy target to use. There were 270 witch trials during the Elizabethan times. 247 of those people were all women and only a mere 23 were men and I think this is mainly because men were known as being all powerful. The people that were normally accused for being witches were the old, the unprotected, the poor and single women or widows.Elizabethan women relied on the male members of their family. They didnt have galore(postnominal) rights and for that reason they were belittled by men and expected to obey them. The number of poorer people was increasing and old, poor and unprotected women needed to have some kind-hearted of support. Access to doctors and medicines was minimal. Women were expected to produce cures. Wise women used herbs. The use of herbs and plants such as mandrake, datura, monkshood, cannabis, belladonna, henbane and hemlock were common ingredients in brews and ointments for medical purposes. As the guardianship of witches and witchcraft increased anyone with knowledge of herbs were supposition to be having a pact with the devil. This would be resulted in execution.In act one scene one a dramatic atmosphere is automatically created. As Macbeth is a play, when the audience is watching this, the setting will set the mood to the scene. Its set on a moor. This is telling us that its in a very quite, almost disturbing place as its a wasteland atomic number 18a. Theres thunder and lightning as the three witches enter. This allows the audience to have suspicions that something mysterious is about to happen. Thunder and li ghtning argon also perceived as ghastly things which are associated with things that are awful or scary. This might set a tense atmosphere because the audience will now expect the witches to be want the thunder and lightning, something that will turn out to become awful or scary. In addition to this because the weather is unusual, its not analogous rain or clouds that we see near ample every day, it can let us acknowledge that something unusual will be at the entrance of the play. In this scene the witches are planning to mate once again once the fighting is over to meet Macbeth.This would have made the Elizabethan audience a lot more frightened than our juvenile audience would ever be because back in that time there was a strong belief in witchcraft. They could have been alarmed and anxious to bewilder out how the witches can be. But on the other hand they might think of the play as a re-enactment of things that have happened therefore being startled as the witches were a bi g fear in their lives. This is a peculiar scene because the witches saying things which are not normally supposed to happen. Things such as when the battles lose and won. We know that later on a battle is either one or the other when its over. So saying that neither will happen take ups the audience start to wonder. It gives the audience curiosity as they analyze what the witches words mean. It doesnt seem to find sense, so why are they saying it is a question that runs through my mind. At the end of this scene the all three witches say a line together.Fair is foul and foul is fair loaf through the filthy air. The language the witches use is often rhymes and riddles. This gives me several una exchangeable interpretations of them. Either they fate the audience to guess and attempt to solve the riddles in modulate to understand what they are talking about. They want us to be involved in the play by thinking of this as a game. Whoever solves the riddles will find their way to t he plot the quickest. Or I think the witches are talking to the audience because they want us to wonder but they dont want us to understand what they are talking about. Exactly like when a parents talks by spelling out words so that a unseasoned child does not understand.This is the witches way of communicating by making sure that no-one will understand what they are talking about and we are not like them so we dont grasp their way of talking. It could also be a way of stating that they are witches in the play. Talking in a different sort of language to us means they are not from the same place as we are. In the Polanski film the witches are represented to be very mysterious creatures. They give off an eerie sense to them, with their old, haggered faces surrounding a human arm buried in the sand. The images alone tell us that the witches are nothing like the majority of the society. They are portrayed to look like outcasts as they appear on the moor when no-one is around to be seen . They look as if theyve been washed up from the sea from a whole other world.In Act one Scene devil there is a dramatic stock to the theory scene. In the first scene there is a mysterious and quite a scary theme but in scene two it turns cheerful. The witches are gone and no elements of the supernatural are now presented. It seems like they have skipped a few scenes as it goes from the three witches riddle to then after the battle. There is no information about the battle except from this scene where they are only talking about its past events. The good king Duncan hears the parole on how the battle went in this scene. He gets told how heroically Macbeth and Banquo have fought against Macdonwald and his band of rebels and then against the Norwegians and the Scottish traitor. King Duncan, Sergeant and Ross now views Macbeth as a courageous warrior. For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name is how the sergeant describes him to be. This shows the respect and appreciation they have for him.They now portray Macbeth to be a noble gentleman and an nonpareil that should be looked up to. At this point in the play the audience will also think highly of Macbeth by his description without even move eyes on him yet. Whilst the sergeant carries on talking about Macbeth he then says Which neer shook hands, nor bade farewell to him, till he unseamd him from nave to the chaps. He was basically saying that Macbeth didnt give up the battle, he didnt leave until he had fully destroyed Macdonwald from nave to the chaps meaning from his poke to his jaws. This is demonstrate Macbeths inner strength as well as outer strength by not giving up until he was done. In addition, it is showing their lifestyle and how it was a good thing to be able to fight so savagely. This might make an Elizabethan audience idolize Macbeth. Macbeth is then presumptuousness the honour of Thane of Cawdor by King Duncan. He earns this by his courageous battle and has therefore made the Norwegia n king beg for peace.Scene three is again dramatically different from the first two scenes. The first scene has a purely supernatural theme to it and the second scene has none some(prenominal). Then the tertiary scene comes in and this is where the two worlds collide. Supernatural versus normality. The audience find themselves back at the moor again with more thunder as the witches open the scene. This is like a flashback from the first scene. From the witches interactions at the start of the scene we find out that they are not in the least bit kind but sort of they are rather malicious. At the start of their conversation after the first witch asks where hast thou been, sister? the second witch replied with killing swine.This is a naive but effective quote. It tells the audience that the witches stir up trouble. But it also gives them the tension of wanting to know the plans they have got for Macbeth. It is a forceful quote because where the witches are usually talking in riddle s instead she gives a heartless answer with no riddles as we know exactly what killing is. Generally most people would have been a little more shaken up by the thought of killing but not her. Then having no regrets whatsoever because she names the person she has in effect(p) killed swine. Once Macbeth and Banquo enter the scene Macbeths firsts words into the play are So foul and fair a day I have not seen. This links him to the witches because right at the end of the first scene all three of the witches recite fair is foul, and foul is fair predominate through the fog and filthy air. Macbeth and Banquo describe the witches as so witherd and so wild in their attire, that look not like th inhabitants o the earth, and yet are on t?.They are describing the witches to be barbarians. He is questioning whether they should be on this world or not. This shows that he instantly knows that they are not entirely human. The appearance of the witches gives the audience a judgement to what their deviation to be like. The appearance of a character is supposed to be there in a play to show off the characters personality traits in it too. The predictions that are given to Macbeth and Banquo are that Macbeth will be the thane of Cawdor and then the king soon after and that Macbeth and Banquo will both be fathers of kings but they wont become them. Banquo questions the witches along with Macbeth shortly after.They are confused as to what had just happened. When they are about to leave Macbeth says stay you imperfect speakers, tell me more. This is telling the audience that Macbeth is anxious to find out where they have gathered this knowledge. They seemed to have been stunned by the news. It is weird that the witches already knew that he was thane of Glamis without anyone telling them so they must have some form of power. In addition, the Elizabethan audience thought that witches could tell the future so they would know that what they are saying is true. Plus, the audience now know that Macbeth has become thane of Cawdor already so the rest of their speech is possible to be true too. Afterwards Ross and Angus enter the scene once the witches have vanished and announce that Macbeth is now the thane of Cawdor.This is a really dramatic point in the play because after the witches telling them that Macbeth will become thane of Cawdor it suddenly happens. However the audience can judge the witches better than what Macbeth can because they know what happened in the forward scene. The audience knows that its due to Macbeths bravery that he has been given the honour of thane of Cawdor. It is dramatic because Macbeth and Banquo now think that its not because of courage it is because of the witches magic that got him there. From these opening scenes of the play it is dropping the audience some clues of what is about to happen. They know that something is going to happen to make Macbeth to become king but then he is going to lose that position. They know that Banq uo and Macbeths sons are going to be kings and they know that king Duncan has to be killed if Macbeth is going to be king.In my opinion the first three scenes of Macbeth are very effective as an opening to the play. It has already showcased the main points of the play with not giving away too much information to make it predictable. It leaves the audience to ask questions to themselves to query what is going to happen next. The theme has been shown in the play by mixing the supernatural and the not. It is also showing how the play is all about power and the hierarchy that Macbeth is climbing up on. Then telling the audience that battles are something thats going to occur throughout this play by having the first three scenes based around one.The opening would have been more effective to an Elizabethan audience as opposed to a modern audience. The modern audience would find it a lot harder to understand the language thats being used as it has changed from when the play was written. Th e Elizabethan audience believed in the supernatural so it would have been more intense to watch. The play is based around things that might of happened around the Elizabethan era. They can relate the play more to their real lives. Whereas for a modern day audience, witches are not something that we talk about in our everyday lives so we cannot relate the play to our own experience. This might make the Elizabethan audience understand the play more.

European Political Change Essay

The 15th century was beginning of Renaissance giving rise to many changes in the policy-making and economic scene of Europe. Mattero Palmeiri wrote in 1430s, straightaway indeed may every thoughtful spirit thank god that it has been permitted to him to be born in a new age. The Renaissance was shake up by study of Greek and Latin text and the admiration of Roman and Greek era. The classical examples of this age can be seen in the works of da Vinci da Vinci. On political scene ambition was the driving force of the age which can be clearly observed in Machiavellis political writing The Prince.The influence of Protestants was growing due to the corruption of Church giving rise to many powerful kings and princes in Europe. Some of the famous political figures of the prison term include King Henry VIII. One of the important developments in the early 17th century was the pan-European sentiment. Emeric Cruce in 1623 proposed the idea of European council to end wars and create dogged pe ace. All European countries except Ottoman and Russian Empire did not agree to it. Both of them were considered outsiders in Europe however the idea of unity remained tatterdemalion for many centuries to come.The next centuries (15th to 17th) saw many wars among European powers coupled with extensive conquest of colonies in Asia and Africa. Portugal led the way for colonial expansion followed by Spain and France to pick up colonies in Africa and Asia. The Britain took control of only of Australia, New Zealand, India and parts of Africa and North Americawhile China was lost. Europe during this time was going through internal crisis and conflicts. Germany in the early 16th century was divided into small kingdoms and states under the framework of the Holy Roman Empire. Thus we can say at this time the whole of Europe was divided into small states and kingdoms. By late 18th century France was in disarray due to the lavish expenditure of the Royal House. The situation was worsened whe n people of Paris revolted and in the late 18 century (1792) monarchy was abolished in France.ReferenceV. H. H. Green Edward Arnold, Renaissance and Reformation A Survey of European score between 1450 and 1660. London 1952.Lectures on Early Modern European History. The History Guide. 11 regrets 2006 .Oscar Halecki, A History of East Central Europe. 11 Dec 2006 .

The Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education

Why the government atomic number 18 driving to ensure literacy is a main priority, especially culture material by six years of period. The importance of this and the effects on the claw, p bents, teachers and society. Abstract This paper attempts to analyse why the government be working so hard at ensuring all our primary children are interpret by the date of six. The importance of this and the effect on children, teachers and society. It is swell up documented that indication is virtuoso of the most cardinal abilities students acquire as they come along through their early school years.It is the foundation for learning across all subjects, it can be utilize for recreation and for own(prenominal) matureth, and it equips young children with the haveiness to plowshareicipate fully in their communities and the larger society (Campbell et al, 2001) We provide look at key issues and look into which underpin the government literacy insurance and steerings in which it can be improved in school. In particular we focus on the broad enquiry among low literacy advancement and conductal problems within the primary setting. We trace the early literacy deport programmes and how they are practised in the class room setting.We address the metaphysical views on how vocabulary acquisition and literacy are interwoven. We look at the role of the teacher and school, and how indemnity and practice can smooth the progress of child literacy attainment by age of 6. Contents Title and Abstracti Chapter 11 Introduction 1 Chapter 22 Literature Review2 Research in to instruction difficulties and conductal problems2 2. 1 How does this affect the individual, parents, teachers and society5 2. 2 What regard does it have on the school6 Chapter 38 Analysis and critique of evidence base8 What challenges does it impose on the teachers nd what utile teaching methods are con fountred best practice8 3. 1 How does policy compare the theoretical research10 3. 2 Why do different countries not sum up early literacy as cardinal as the UK12 Chapter 413 Conclusion13 Chapter 514 Recommendations14 Bibliography15 Appendices19 Chapter 1 Introduction David Camerons conservative educational policy put his party on a collision melodic phrase with the teaching profession, when he announced in November 07 that virtually all child in the coun move will be expected to read by the age of six under a conservative government.Cameron wants pupils to sit a training test at the end of year one, and the target will be for all-bar those with serious learning difficulties, to pass. Their policy to scrap the key stage one testing, which was quite controversial, has already been enforced. His policy to concentrate on the absolute foundation stone, which is an ability to read, has yet to be enforced. He wants 90% of our children reading by the age of six, the normaler(a) 10% with acute special privations will be given additional help (BBC intelligence Nov 2007).It i s likewise been observed that most children will naturally read by the age of six, as they progress though the foundation stage and key stage one. The problem hoists with the children that do not progress so easily. At the age of four and five most children are little aware of their peers, they are much interested in their own ability to do. Yet as they turn six their awareness of others and their abilities become to a greater extent interesting. This in-turn leads to the less gifted children realising that they are not as bright as other children, which can leads to them feeling disheartened and inadequate.Consequently this whitethorn lead to the less gifted children giving up and be approaching disengaged, which can cause conductal problems. thusly if the teacher can help these children early, perhaps the actionment gap will not be so noticeable, therefore prevent further elevation of problems that arise from detachment ( instructor TV 2009). It is though however that at such a young age, this behaviour is to a greater extent easily managed and can be reversed (Moffitt 2006). seemingly there is a scheme behind David Camerons policy.As early prevention whitethorn hopefully alleviate the need for expensive intervention subsequent on. Chapter 2 Literature Review Research in to reading difficulties and behavioural problems As it has frequently been observed that reading difficulties are accompanied by behaviour problems ( Berger, Yule & Rutter, 1975 Rutter, Tizeird & Whitmore, 1970). However, the exact nature of the relationship has been difficult to elucidate. One possibility is that behaviour problems arise as a consequence of the childs reaction to being a deplorable reader.An alternative possibility is that the behaviour problems pre-date the reading difficulty and affect the childs capacity to profit from reading pedagogy. A third possibility is that behaviour problems are think to reading difficulties because they share a common cause. A likely c andidate for such a common cause would be home background. Of course, none of these possibilities are mutually exclusive. All could be partly true, with causal influences operating in two directions between reading difficulties and behaviour problems, as well as coming from home background.Several studies have attempted to sort out these various possibilities. Two major approaches have been employed. The primary is to compare children who have both reading difficulties and behaviour problems with children who have reading difficulties solely and with children who have behaviour problems alone. If the children with both reading difficulties and behaviour problems are comparable in background to those with reading difficulties alone, quite a than those with behaviour problems alone, then it is likely that behaviour problems arise in part as a consequence of reading failure.Conversely, if the children with combined problems are more similar in background to those with behaviour pr oblems, then it seems likely that the behaviour problems are the primary disorder. A number of studies have been reported using this approach with unsociable behaviour problems. Rutter and Yule (1970) studied 9 to 10 year-old children on the Isle of Wight. They found that the children with combined problems were more similar in background to those with reading difficulty alone and concluded that the reading difficulties aroused the behaviour problems. Sturge 1982) research with 10 year old children from inner London school found that those with combined problems had background characteristics in between those of the two groups with pure disorders. She concluded that in some cases, behaviour problems might be secondary to reading difficulties, but that this could not be the complete explanation. However, Varlaam (1974) also used inner London children and did find those with combined problems to be more similar to children with pure reading difficulties.Generically speaking, then, t he evidence using this approach has been logical with the view that behaviour problems arise as a consequence of reading failure. The second approach adopted by researchers on this issue is the longitudinal study. With this approach, children are followed over the first few years of schooling. Those who have developed reading difficulties after this cartridge clip are then studied to see if their behaviour problems were defer before formal reading instructions began or whether they developed only afterward as a reaction to reading failure.Two studies have used the longitudinal approach. McMichael (1979) assessed Scottish children for behaviour problems and reading readiness at school entry and then two years later assessed reading achievement and behaviour problems. She found that antisocial behaviour problems preceded the later reading difficulties. However, the children with behaviour problems at school entry also had lower reading readiness skills. On the other hand, McMichae l found no evidence of an increase in behaviour problems as a consequence of reading failure.Stott (1981), working with Canadian children, followed them over the first tercet years of schooling. His findings concurred with those of McMichael (1979) in that children who developed reading difficulties were found to have behaviour problems at school entry. Stott attempted to rule out the possibility that home background was a common cause of both behaviour problems and reading difficulties by grouping the children according to living conditions. He concluded that on the whole it was behaviour problems which led to reading difficulties, home background was not ruled out as a contributing factor Moffatt 2006) of Royal Institute of London did an extensive study on twins and genetics relating to poor literacy and behaviour problems in primary. His research was surprising, as his results, found genetics did not explain it. He feels its an environmental process, such as what goes on in the classroom, and this is important because it can be changed. His researchers say their findings indicate that academic intervention can have a positive effect on behaviour.Programmes that target either reading problems or behaviour problems during the pre-school and early primary school years are likely to produce changes in both areas, the research concludes. 2. 1 How does this affect the individual, parents, teachers and society There is a strong link to literacy attainment and confidence levels with regards to socio-economic advantaged children. The facilitation of these opportunities in the home (quiet reading environments, encouragement to read as a leisure activity, having plenty of books readily available, all enhance the tuition.The negative effects of reading problems are also well documented (Harris & Sipay, 1990). There is evidence that reading disability is associated with social, economic, and psychological problems. The Green Paper, excellency for all children, meeting the special educational needs(DfEE 1997), ac acquaintanced the Literacy labor movement force recommendations for developing strategies to enable parents and schools to work together in supporting the literacy achievement for children with SEN (DfEE 1997, section 13, p 15).With this in mind it is important that the teacher offers unimaginative advice and methods of intervention to the parents. The effects of good prevention and early intervention, along with strong parenting support will help reduce the risk of antisocial behaviour later on (Rutter 1979 and Epstein 1986). By working with the parents, the teacher can construct a plan of action that will facilitate the childs learning. If the parents are poor, the teacher can suggest the child takes books from school to read at home with the parent.If the parent is not able to read or is working all the time, alternatives arrangements can be made for other family members to help. By taking a pragmatic approach the teacher will hop efully be able to help both the child and their parent with play based activities that will help to raise the spirits of the child while they learn (Wadworths 1991). The role of the teacher in literature-based instruction is one of decision maker, mentor, and coach. The teacher plans and supports activities that allow children to do those things one naturally does with literature (Routman, 1991).This role includes planning themes, share students activate the appropriate prior knowledge, and supporting students in reading and responding to the literature in appropriate ways (Martinez & Roser, 1991). In some instances the teacher plans and teaches mini-lessons using the literature as a stylusl for helping students learn a needed strategy or skill (Trachtenberg, 1990). As a mentor, the teacher serves as a model for reading and writing, by reading aloud to students, the teacher models language for them.Through shared writing (McKenzie, 1985), the teacher models all aspects of writing, grammar, usage, and spelling. By supporting students with such activities as shared reading, literature parole circles, and response activities, the teacher plays the role of coach (Cooper, 1993). 2. 2 What impact does it have on the school The principals challenge is to ensure that teachers have knowledge of current literacy best practices and access to the tools and resources needed to incorporate them. The principals need to have a working knowledge of literacy and the latest research findings some learning.They also need to ensure high quality instruction is supported by strong literacy frameworks. This may include the opportunity for peer coaching, classroom visitations, and literacy courses made available. Along side the practical courses the principal should ensure all her teachers opinions and ideas are valued, it is her role to support, motivate and encourage excellence in all her teaching staff. As teachers are a major part of a vision for literacy, competent, caring, a nd committed teachers create the conditions for learning literacy.To assure quality learning for all young children, all teachers need a foundational knowledge about literacy learning, and they need to apply that knowledge with sensitivity and skill in daily reading and writing instruction (Little 1999). a growing dead body of evidence suggests that reading problems are preventable for the vast majority of students who encounter difficulty in learning to read, if these students receive extra support in the form of an early intervention program (Goldenberg, 1994 Hiebert & Taylor, 1994 Reynolds, 1991). All of the reading recovery programs reflect a model of reading as an active, substantive, constructive process.Before-reading activities are used to make or activate relevant background knowledge, imaginations, and vocabulary. Students are taught to monitor their reading to ensure that what they are reading makes sense. They are taught strategies for correcting word recognition erro rs that detract from meaning, and they are given opportunities for reacting and responding to selections they have read. The texts they are asked to read are read for enjoyment and for information. Other activities are developed within a framework of reading for meaning.Because reading for meaning is the constant point of reference and because students in these programs need substantial help in building word-identification skills, the amount of time spent in discussing selections and in teacher questioning about the selection is kept to a minimum (Reynolds and Wheldall 2007). Chapter 3 Analysis and critique of evidence base What challenges does it impose on the teachers and what effective teaching methods are considered best practice The Curriculum is only as good as the people who offer it practitioners play a major part in how a child leans and indeed what they learn. Gerhardts (2004 andGopnik et al. , 2001) point out that for a child to develop effectively, it is important that t he child has a warm loving, nurturing relationship with their teacher. teaching method on which teachers can draw on All children need to acquire knowledge of the alphabetic system to become skilled readers. The most direct way for teachers to accomplish this is by providing explicit, systematic phonics instruction as one part of a comprehensive early reading program. Systematic and explicit phonics instruction is effective for all students in kindergarten and grade 1, regardless of socioeconomic status or the ease with which children learn to read.Along side this runs the different modes of reading and their advantages to the children. The term mode of reading refers to the different ways literature may be read aloud by the teacher, shared, guided by the teacher, cooperatively, or independently (Cooper, 1993). By ever-changing the modes of reading used for different students, teachers are able to scaffold instruction and provide different levels of support for students in order to make them successful in reading a piece of literature (Cooper, 1993 Cullinan, 1992 Tunnell & Jacobs, 1989) class period aloud is the single most influential factor in young childrens success in learning to read.It builds listening skills and vocabulary, aids reading comprehension, and develops a positive attitude toward reading. The teacher reads aloud daily to the whole class from a variety of childrens literature (fiction, nonfiction, and poetry). Shared Reading The children (or a small group of children) see the text, observe the teacher reading it with fluency and expression, and are invited to read along. Eyes on text with voice support are shared reading. Shared reading gives an authentic reason to practice skills and strategies. It creates a low risk environment and supplies support so children can join in and see themselves as readers.Guided reading The teacher selects books from a variety of genres for a small group with the expectancy that all children can read the sele ction at an instructional level (90 to 94 percent) with prompts and questions. Guided reading provides the teacher with time to observe reading behaviours. It lets the teacher see the children functioning as readers and helps the teacher know what to stress next to move the children forward. The child selects and reads a variety of genres, an integral component of all levels of reading organic evolution. Independent reading provides practice and builds fluency and comprehension.It also demonstrates that reading is a priority. It is a time to assist a student in choosing appropriate books and allows them time in reading books of their choice. This helps ensure success and enjoyment (Cheminais 2005). scaffolding instruction Which is a concept that has grown out of research on how individuals learn (Collins, Brown, & Newman, 1986 Vygotsky, 1978). This concept is based on the idea that at the beginning of learning, students need a great deal of support gradually, this support is taken away to allow students to try their independence.This is what Pearson (1985) called the gradual release of responsibility. If students are unable to achieve independence, the teacher brings back the support system to help students experience success until they are able to achieve independence (Cooper, 1993). By using this method it is hopefully more clear-cut which children are in need of more support. Modeling Through Storybook Reading new-fangled research clarifies the extreme importance of reading storybooks to young children both at home and in school. Very early, children begin to imitate that reading at first by relying exclusively on picture clues and memory.With increased experience they begin to focus on the information that print conveys (Snow, 1983 Sulzby, 1985 Teale, 1987). 3. 1 How does policy compare the theoretical research Most all theorists regardless of their particular thesis, believe that nature and nurture are interwoven in a childs emergence. As Chomskys bel ief in nature still relies on nurturing for a child to gain its full developmental potential. As he wrote If a child is placed in an impoverished environment, innate abilities simply will not develop, mature, and flourish (Taylor and Woods (2005).Similarly, a child brought up in an institution may have ample experience and nutrition, but still may not develop normally, either physically or mentally, if normal human interaction is miss(Chomsky 1987 p 2). So as Chomsky, believes the child is born with specific linguistic knowledge Skinner, is portrayed as believing that language is entirely a yield of conditioning Piaget, who sees language development as an outgrowth of general cognitive development and Bruner, who emphasises the importance of the social/interactional context in which language development takes place.All have a common link as one depends on the other to reach its true potential (McCartney K and Phillips D 2006). every(prenominal) minors development does depend on their physical, cognitive, social and emotional self. And each of these components of self depends in part, on the changes that are taking place in other areas of development (Shaffer 1992). In reality, this is some times overlooked by practitioners in their assessments and evaluations of our children. As the measurements of achievements rears it ugly head, and some teachers focus on the bright and gifted while the less gifted child is left to his own devises.Most school want to have a good record of achievement and thus instruct their teachers to obey with their wish to get the best results for the school as possible. For some teachers this is a bitter pill to swallow as their time is taken up by helping the gifted children reach the highest targets, unavoidably leaves the less gifted neglected. Ability tracking, is yet another thorn for the less gifted children as this is where students are sort by their ability, some theorists argue that this undermines the self-esteem of low a bility students.As children are placed on the red, yellow, blue or green table depending on how clever they are perceived to be, by the teacher. Thus contributing to poor academic achievement and a high number of children feeling disheartened and demoralised. As we mentioned earlier how children of six are more aware of their peers, this only highlights the fact, leaving the less gifted children believing they are stupid, so they stop trying to achieve. Rutters research in 1983 suggests that mixed ability groups are more advantageous for children in primary education and ability tracking was more sensible in the last mentioned senior years at secondary. Rutter 1983) put high emphasis on the teachers attitudes towards their pupils as being vitally important to the Childs achievements. Motivation, praise, encouragement and a high expectation are all crucial to ensuring a child succeeds ( lop 1997). 3. 2 Why do other countries not deem early literacy as important as the UK Dr Ken Spen cer (2007) from the Institute of Learning at University of Hull, fought back in response to all the critics of Cameron, as they protested why other countries did not deem this an important issue.He made them aware of the reason why Scandinavian children can start reading at six their language has a liquid writing system, in which each sound has only one letter associated with it. With such a writing system all children read in about six month, no matter when they start school. His research evidence shows that learning to read English will always take three or more years longer, than most other languages. There is now indisputable evidence that complex combinations of letters and their irregular behaviour interact to make English the beat example of alphabetical language. Chapter 4Conclusion Language and literacy development, like all human development, will be heavily determined by the nature of the environment, and may be severely limited unless the environment is appropriate. A stimulating environment is required to enable natural curiosity, intelligence, and creativity to develop, and to enable our biological capacities to unfold. The fact that the course of development is largely internally determined does not mean that it will proceed without care, stimulation, and opportunity (Penn 2005). Like Chomsky perceived teaching is not like fill up a cup with water, but ore like enabling a flower to grow in its own way but it will not grow and flourish without proper care(Chomsky 1897,p1). There is evidence that teachers whom have a holistic view with a child centred approach, can lead to a more fruitful interaction between the realms of theory and practice, which in turn will benefit the childs learning and behaviour. The examples of research in the fields of literacy and development discussed, show how work which was originally theoretically motivated can lead to practical recommendations for intervention.Chapter 5 Recommendations It does appear that there i s extensive evidence to suggest that poor teacher may have a lot to do with poor literacy attainment and behavioural issues. Perhaps David Cameron quest for literacy attainment will only be achieved once the teaching pedagogy improves. Adults, like children, learn better when they perceive a need for the information they are learning. cater development should provide teachers with authentic, meaningful tasks that relate to improving classroom instruction.Helping teachers improve instruction must focus on more than just going through the motions of teaching. Showers, Joyce, and Bennett (1987) analyzed more than two hundred research studies on staff development and concluded that a major factor in how teachers teach is how they think about teaching. Staff development should help teachers increase their knowledge and learn to think about their instructional decisions. Having a basic level of knowledge about an innovation is important in helping teachers buy in to it (Showers et al. , 1987).Over the last fifteen years the emphasis on staff development has evolved in many ways, from shop class sessions to more comprehensive, collaborative approaches that focus on the individual needs and concerns of teachers (Waxman, 1987). Hopefully by improving our pedagogy and focusing on a more holistic child centred environment all children and teachers will benefit. The research literature to date has suggested pathways for us to take. It is up to us as a society to make the journey. BIBLIOGRAPHY BBC News (2007) Government Policy David Cameron London England Berger, M. Yule, W. & Rutter, M. (1975). Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areasII. The prevalence of specific reading retardation. British Journal of psychological medicine, 126, 51()-5 Bruner, J. S. (1975) The ontogenesis of idiom acts. Journal of Child Language Campbell, J. R. , Kelly, D. L. , Mullis, I. V. S. , Martin, M and Sainsburry, M. (2001). Framework and Specifications for PIRLS Assessment 2001. Second edn. Chestnut Hill, MA capital of Massachusetts College, PIRLS International Study Centre. Cheminais R, (2005) Every Child Matters A New Role for SENCOs, London David Fulton PublishersChomsky (1987) Language, Language Development and Reading Noam Chomsky interviewed by Lillian R. Putnam Reading Instruction Journal, Fall 1987 Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language its nature, origin and use. New York Praeger. Collins, A. , Brown, J. S. , & Newman, S. E. (1986). cognitive apprenticeship Teaching the craft of reading, writing and mathematics. Report No. 6459. Cambridge, MA BNN Laboratories. Cooper, J. D. (1993). Literacy Helping children construct meaning (2nd ed. ). Boston Houghton Mifin Company Cullinan, B. E. (1992). Leading with literature. In B. E. Cullinan (Ed. , Invitation to read More childrens literature in the reading program (x-xxii). Newark, DE International Reading Association. DfEE Green Paper (22/10/1997) Excellence for all Children Meeting reports DFEE Gree n Paper. Excellence for all Children and Employment by Command of Her Majesty October 1997 including those with special educational needs (SEN). Dr Ken Spencer (2007) Institute of Learning at University of Hull Dr Moffitt (2006) The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry is published on behalf of The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Blackwell PublishingEpstein J L (1986) Parents reactions to teachers practices of parent involvement, Elementary rail Journal, 86, 277-294 Gerhardt, S. (2004). Why love matters. How affection shapes a babys brain. HoveBruner Routledge. Gibbons, P (2002) Scaffolding Language, Scaffolding Learning Teaching Second Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom, Portsmouth Heinemann Goldenberg, C. (1994). Promoting early literacy development among Spanish speaking children Lessons from two studies. In E. H. Hiebert & B. M. Taylor (Eds. ), Getting reading right from the start (pp. 71-200). Boston, MA Allyn & Bacon. Gopnik, A. , Sobel, D. M. , Schulz, L. & Glymour, C. (2001). Causal learning mechanisms in very young children Two,three, and four-year-olds infer causal relations from patterns of variation and covariation. Developmental Psychology, 37, 620629. Harris, A. J. , & Sipay, E. R. (1990). How to increase reading ability A guide to developmental and remedial methods (9th ed. ). White Plains, NY Longman. Hiebert, E. H. , & Taylor, B. M. (Eds. ) (1994). Getting reading right from the start. Boston Allyn & Bacon.Little M (1999) Prevention and Early Intervention with children in need Definitions, Principles and Examples of Good Practice John Wiley & Sons Ltd Children & Society Vol 13 pp 304-316 Martinez, M. G. , & Roser, N. L. (1991). Childrens responses to literature. In J. Flood, J. M. Jensen, D. Lapp, & J. R. Squire (Eds. ), vade mecum of research on teaching the English language arts (643-654). New York Macmillan Publishing Company. McCartney K and Phillips D (2006) Handbook of Early Childhood Development Oxford Blackwell create McKenzie, M. 1985). Shared writing. Language matters. London Inner London Educational Authority McMichael, P. (1979). The hen or the egg? Which comes firstantisocial emotional disorders or reading disability? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 49, 226238. Pearson, P. D. (1985). Changing the face of reading comprehension instruction. The Reading Teacher, 38, 724-738. Penn H (2005) Understanding Early Childhood Issues & Controversies, Oxford Oxford University Press Pollard A, (1997) Reflective Teaching in Primary School, London CassellReynalds M and Wheldall K (2007) Reading Recovery 20 years Down the Track Looking in advance Looking Back International Journal of Disability, Development and Education Vol 54 pp199-223 Routledge Group Reynolds, A. J. (1991). Early schooling of children at risk. American Educational Research Journal, 28, 392-422 Routman, R. (1991). Invitations. Portsmouth, NH Heinemann. Rutter & Yule (2005)Severity of ablaze and con ductal Problems among Poor and Typical Readers Journal article by Elizabeth Mayfield Arnold, David B. Goldston Adam K. Walsh, Beth A. Reboussin, Stephanie Sergent Daniel, Enith Hickman. Frank B.Wood Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 33, Rutter M (1979) Changing jejuneness in Changing Society, Nuffield Provisional Hospital Trust Rutter, M. , Tizard, J. & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, health and behaviour. London Longmans. Shaffer D (1992) Developmental Physiology Childhood & Adolescence, London Chapman & Hall Publishing Showers, B. , Joyce, B. , & Bennett, B. (1987, November). Synthesis of research on staff development A framework for future study and a state-of-the-art analysis. Educational Leadership, 75-87. Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behaviour. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts. Snow, C.R. (1983). Language and literacy Relationships during the preschool years. Harvard Educational Review, 53, 165-189 Stott, D. H. (1981). 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Bandwagon and Snob Effect

Write an essay on topic Bandwagon and Snob Effect. Find an example for both do, describe situation and explain reasons for such effects. In The Theory of Consumers Demand, there be three importants and different items the Bandwagon , Snob and Veblen Effects. Today we will discuss just about the Bandwagon and Snob Effect. Faced with a new(a) need, the consumer is confronted with a choice to purchase or not this good or service, depending on its value, its usefulness, its attri thates and operation consequences.But consumer choice will also be affected by his social environment. Specifically, scarce products are generally deemed valuable, independent of the utility that their attributes deliver. This effect has been found in several studies, and we send away identify two distinct routes through with(predicate) which scarcity can increase product choice. A persons demand may be affected by the number of other citizenry who have purchased the good. If this is the case, a network ex ternality exists and can be positive or negatives.A positive network externality exists if the quantity of a good demanded by a consumer increases in response to an increase in purchases by other consumers. And negative network are just the opposite. * The first way examines scarcity cod to high demand. Consumers see that others have bought the product, and this may induce them to follow that behavior. Consumers may also extract information about the value of a product from the acquire behavior of others. When consumers are unsure about the value of products, information on the valuation of others can help refine their own valuations.Therefore, scarcity due to profusion demand increases inferences of product popularity and quality. This is the bandwagon effect, the desire to be in style, to have a good because almost everyone else has it, or to indulge in a fad. This is the major physical object of marketing and advertising campaigns ( cf toys, clothes .. ) For example, the infl uence of football players on the young men ( shoes, haircut, attitude ). * If the network externality is negative, a snob effects exists. The econd route concerns scarcity due to insufficient supply, where product exclusiveness leads to generalization of product quality. Consumers value the exclusivity of possessing rare products, and may see these products as a performer to emphasize their uniqueness. Being one of the few who own a particular product may increase the product utility. It refers to the desire to own exclusive or unique goods. The quantity demanded of a snob good is higher the fewer the people who own it. For instance, the luxury goods as Rolex watches and long lines at the ski lift.To finish, we can say that the bandwagon and snob effects are two opposites cases , the first refer to the design to which the demand for a commodity is increased due to the fact that others are also consuming the same commodity. In this case, we appear to be one of the boys. This is so me form of integration and sociability And the second effect refer to the extent to which the demand for a consumers good is decreased owing to the fact that others are also consuming the same commodity, so this represents the desire of people to be exclusive, but it can be dangerous to the person, since it is a kind of isolation.

Management and Chemical Engineering Essay

I cast off completed my Bachelors of Technology in Chemical engineer at Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India (IITG). I am seeking a position in your organization in order to enhance my skills and practical experience, while being resourceful and innovative.I have worked hard in my undergraduate studies, striking a balance between compulsory courses like Fluid Mechanics, Process Equipment Design, Process Control and Instrumentation, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, related wet lab courses and supervised research under the guidance of Dr Chandan Das (Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, IITG) & Dr AK Golder (Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, IITG).My Bachelor Thesis trade union movement was on Biosorption of heavy metals to purify industrial effluents under the guidance of Dr. Chandan Das (Associate Professor, Dept. of Chemical Eng., IITG) and Dr. AK Golder (Associate Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, IITG). When I loo k back now, I realize the berth of an inspiring mentor in a students life. Dr. Das and Dr. Gloder gave me a whole new direction to explore my research skills and the interest in reading research articles while doing my undergraduate courses in mainstream Chemical Engineering.After graduation I joined Jindal Steel and Power Ltd as a show Engineer where I practiced what I learnt during my educational life. Post completion of one year, I joined SPI Pvt. Ltd. As an Assistant Manager. I choose this as apart from technical skills, I also wanted to gain a good understanding about the business work outes and its various elements. While working at that place my interest became more focused towards managerial skills. It was there where I decided to go for my higher education in Masters in Management as managerial association via a reputed and esteemed university will help me to learn a wider scope of business management skills which was missing in my technical c areer.In my education thu s far, I have been actively involved in sports and co-curricular activities including making manual robot, organized Rock-o-Phonix for three consecutive years (2008, 2009 & 2010) and represented IIT-Guwahati in Inter IIT sports meet in Football which has helped me to develop upon simplicity in approach, patience, team work, confidence, loyalty, ability to manage loads of stress and adaptability. To work using the in-hand knowledge and indigenous creativity simultaneously is my biggest asset.Education I believe is not just excelling in courses that we take and cracking their exams but a continuous process of development and self-realization. Not just asking what to do or how to do but who am i and what is my purpose too. My long term career goals are to become socially responsible individual and to get the dream job of working in the field of interest.If given the opportunity of pursuing the graduate learn in field of management I would be getting involved in a project that will hel p me grow intellectually and professionally and result in useful outcomes.

History of Nursing Essay

Over time there imbibe been numerous books about the degree of relevance that breast feeding is given as a work and as a form of science. This paper shall seek to present a comparative discussion on 2 books that are of prominence in this regard. The first is Handling the sick the women of St. Lukes and the disposition of nurse, 1892-1937 by tom turkey Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh, while the second is Ordered to care the plight of American nurse, 1850-1945 by Susan Reverby. The following paragraphs shall attempt to highlight the key areas of this book and shall attempt to present a contrast between the perspectives that they present.Susan Reverby states very clearly in the first few pages of her book I will argue that nursing is a form of labor shaped by the obligation to care. But its history, and at long last its identity can non be understood unless the bond that has wedded it to womanhood is also unraveled and revealed (Reverby, 1987, p. 1) It is evident from this excerpt that the focus of Susan Reverbys book Ordered to Care is not nursing itself, but nursing as a profession that is generally accredited to women.She does not present details that could be attributed to her perspective of nursing as a profession that can be regarded as equal for both genders but take aways to address nursing as it evolved for the woman of the society and how the womans ability to care became an constituent(a) part of modern day nursing. In Ordered to Care, Susan Reverby frequently mentions historical events in the history of nursing that served to change the expression that nursing is perceived today. She does so in order to present propositions and claims in retrospect and seeks to provide the reader with a cause-and-effect based relationship between the events that she brings up.Susan Reverby is of the look that nursing underwent a steady paced process through which it was eventually feminized. She mentions nursing revolutionists much(prenominal) as Elizabeth C hristopher Hobson and also mentions pioneers in the field of nursing such as the kinds of Florence Nightingale. Susan Reverby gives special regard to the nursing as a womans profession in her book and highlights the areas and events that led to the development of nursing to a crown where it can now be considered to be a profession that is free of any form of negative sexuality that could be expected to give way to eroticism as was the case in 1872.A Georgia Sturtevant may perk up been impressed by hospital order and the gentleness of the nurses, but munificence reformer Elizabeth Christopher Hobson was overwhelmed in 1872 by the unspeakable dirt, foul smells and disorder she encountered when touring New Yorks Bellevue Hospital (Reverby, 1987, p. 39) It is however, essential to highlight that through discussions such as the power Susan Reverby is by no means attempting to present a chronological elaboration of nursing but is in fact seeking to develop the bigger shew through whi ch a reader can see exactly how nursing has become the complex profession it is perceived as today.When one was to read Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walshs Handling the sick the women of St. Lukes and the nature of nursing, 1892-1937, it is evident that the authors were just as inspired by revolutionary and pioneering figures in the history of nursing as was Susan Reverby in Ordered to care the dilemma of American nursing. The presence of this relationship can be surmised through the fact that while Susan Reverby chooses to elaborate on the finespun implications that Florence Nightingale had on nursing, Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh choose to begin their book with her quotation. In the book Handling the sick the women of St.Lukes and the nature of nursing, 1892-1937 by Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh, the authors choose to focus on the development of nursing as a profession with regard to the general external factors that had an implication on nursing when nursing from the new-m ade 1890s to the late 1930s. The authors provide an discussion on the evolution of nursing during this time period in manner in which they choose to discuss aspects such as technology and the desire amongst nursing professionals to associate nursing with aspects that pertained to care and concern for patients rather than with aspects that pertained to technological advancements.Also, while Susan Reverby chooses to rest her discussion on nursing upon the evolution of nursing with respect to the role and perception of women in the field of nursing, Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh choose to rest their discussion on not only the events and incidents that served an integral purpose in the dictation of the history of nursing but also address how research on nursing during the years of 1892 and 1937 contributed to the development of the nursing profession and the evolution of its perception in society. A major work on Nebraska nursing education, for instance, concludes that little direct evidence exists about early rearing programs because, in general, programs did not keep records. In place of such evidence, the study is typical of other in its dependence on accreditation material from the state visiting card of nursing, along with legislative documents, to infer what apprenticeship in nursing was like (Olson & Walsh, 2004, p. 4).Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh are of the opinion that the degree to which professionalism has dominated nursing and the degree to which historians have elect to give reverence to professionalism in their portrayal of nursing history play highly significant roles in the history of nursing. It is also evident that the authors have chosen to present nursing as a field which is influenced significantly as a result of new developments.These new developments may not necessarily have to be associated with the constituent elements of nursing but can also be found to exist in the form of the development of the perception of nursing in society . It can therefore be surmised that while Ordered to care the dilemma of American nursing, 1850-1945 by Susan Reverby is a highly credible and informative book, the author appears to have given a high degree of regard to the role of women in the evolution of American nursing.On the other hand, Handling the sick the women of St. Lukes and the nature of nursing, 1892-1937 by Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh appears to provide a more broader picture towards nursing and its evolution by discussing not only the contribution of pioneering figures and revolutionary events in nursing but by also providing an insight into the evolution of the nursing profession in general.

Lehigh’s 1993 product mix Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe objective of this memo is to recommend you a product mix for Lehigh in the year of 1993 ground on profit calculations and other business retainers.Recommendation 1993 product mix should include altogether High Speed establish on an approach sequential from the combination of first principle plus Theory of Constraints (TOC), I recommend that the company include only the High Speed ( tool coil) in its mix. The table bellow contains the unitary live for Standard and ABC and the throughput per unit of the agonistic resource ($/min), calculated diving the unitary ABC cost ($/lb) by the implement time for the pealing process (lb/min)The following paragraphs present a deeper analysis to allow comprehension of the logical steps that led to this recommendation.Rationale ABC and TOC combined approachThe study idea behind combining ABC and TOC approaches is to come up with a fourth method of calculating profits that overcomes the shortcomings of the other three met hods (Standard, ABC and TOC). Based on the ABC model (see description of this model in the next section of this report Alternatives Rejected), I calculated the unitary operate profit per product. This operating profit eliminates the major issue concerning the Standard Costing system to average uneven resource consumption across products. The next step was to incorporate the ideal of time as a factor used in Lehighs decision-making. First, by obtaining information from the operations staff, I defined the CRM as the constraint of the plant. Then, I calculated thethroughput per unit of the constrained process (Rolling CRM) by diving the unitary ABC cost ($/lb) by the machine time for the rolling process (lb/min). register 1 presents the results for these calculations. check to this approach, alloys, roller wires and chipper knives present losses, while only high speeds and round bars showed profits respectively $4.84 and $0.08 per minute of rolling machine (CRM) used. However, cons idering this small profit per minute for round bars and that Die Steel market is broad and requires that its participants offer a full product line to bear on share (this means that Chipper Knives should also be produced), I recommend that Die Steel products be removed from product mix. Consequently, high speeds are the only products that I recommend be kept in Lehighs product mix in 1993.It is important to mention that with demand recovering in 1993 and Lehighs superior product performance, it may be possible that the company command a price premium for its alloys high enough to turn it profitable in this method and, consequently, to include it in its product mix. Alternatives rejected Standard, ABC cost and TOC approachAnalyzing the scenario, Lehigh had 3 other possibilities for calculating its profit per productStandard beThe product weight was considered the primary driver of resource consumption, so the indirect manufacturing and administrative costs were allocated to product s found on pounds produced. As a result, this approach considers that to each one of the five products uses manufacturing and administrative overhead equally (their unitary costs are all $0.64 per pound). Moreover, direct manufacturing costs were allocated based on machine hours and materials and direct grasp were allocated based on the bill of materials and routings. The calculations for this first alternative are presented in exhibit 2. According to this approach, all products but alloys present operating losses. However, standard costing is averaging the diverse resource use by products and that one it points as the most profitable (alloys) is already promoted by marketing and sales teams, but Lehigh is non screening profits during this period. Therefore, this alternative is not recommended.ABC costingIn this second approach, I considered Utilities, Maintenance and Depreciation as direct manufacturing costs and allocated them based on machine hours. Number of skus was consid ered driver for Technical Support. The product weight was considered driver of resource consumption only for General & Administrative costs. Moreover, materials and direct labor were allocated based on the bill of materials and routings (exactly the way they were allocated in Standard Costing system). Finally, Material Handling & Setup, Order Processing and Production Planning were driven to products using itemize of orders. Consequently, ABC solves the major issue regarding the Standard Costing system the assumption that all overhead costs can be included into one cost pool.All the drivers are summarized in exhibit 3. Exhibits 4 and 5 present respectively the ABC drivers and allocation rates. The calculations for this alternative are presented in exhibit 6. According to this approach, alloys, roller wires and chipper knives present operating losses, while only high speeds and round bars showed operating profits $0.15 and $0.01 per pound. However, ABC does not take into considerati on how smoothly material flowed through the plant and product profitability should reflect this kind of difference in resource consumption. This is the reason why this alternative was not selected.TOC approachIn this third approach, it was proposed a simple operational measure to orientate the decision-making process within the company Throughput. It was calculated as sales slight material cost (contribution margin) per unit of the constrained resource. As already mentioned, the rolling process (CRM) is the bottleneck of the plant. TOC approach considers that the efficient management of the constrained resource is the key factor to increase profitability. The calculations for this alternative are presented in exhibit 7.According to this approach, high speeds and alloys were the products that showed higher contribution margins $25.00 and $17.70 per minute of rolling machine (CRM) used. However, TOC approach only takes into consideration the material costs, leaving aside all the othe r relevant costs that could be allocated to each product according to ABC approach. In other words, TOC method does not reflect the real operating profits. Consideringthis point, this alternative was discarded.

Child Rearing in sixteenth century English Upper Classes Essay

Child-rearing was an evolving practice within the English upper class from the sixteenth by eighteenth centuries. A new adult view of children as mature, fragile and inherently good conduct to changes in the nursing, care, and discipline of English, downhearted children.In the 16th century, much in accordance with the Puritan doctrine, children were seen as naturally evil beings (Doc 1). Proper and pious parents were responsible for instilling virtues and morals into their organically pagan children. However, the Stuart-run sacred beliefs of the 17th century and the Anglican Church brought about a new and differing view of children. Offspring were efficaciously blank-slates and, left to their own devices, happy and benevolent (Doc 2, 3). The new society placed more blame on nurture, rather that nature, and these views led to drastic changes in how children were reared.In the 1500s and early 1600s, aristocratic mothers often hired, after prominent birth, a wet nurse, a woman who se job it was to breast-feed the infant. Women craved separation from ungodly children, and felt the trade of breastfeeding was disgraceful. However, many mothers today saw the hiring of wet nurses morally reprehensible (Doc 5). In the late 17th and eighteenth centuries, parents now craved a closeness and bond with their children, often enhanced by breastfeeding (Doc 6, 7). Children and infants had garnered a erupt reputation, an parents now sought close and loving relationships with them (Doc 4).Furthermore, scientific changes brought a new adult view of child-rearing. Doctors now sought to care for an infant with a more tender and loving touch, and sought less to encounter it. In the 1500s, mothers often constricted the motion of their newborn by swaddling it tightly (Doc 8). New medical developments attributed fractures to this practice, and by the 1700s, it was long since obsolete (Doc 9). Also, the mental health of children was also interpreted into more account. Verbal abu se was looked eat upon by members of the English aristocracy, and calling angiotensin converting enzymes child a dunce was no extended acceptable (Doc 14). The new consideration into the physical and mental health of a child changed the way children were taken care of.Finally, these changing adult policies extended to the discipline or lack thereof of the English aristocratic child. In the late 1500s, to ensure perfection in a child, threats of physical penalty which often border on and became violent were prevalent within society (Doc 10, 11). However, beginning in the late 1500s and continuing for the future(a) two centuries, it became less and less socially acceptable to physically and zealously punish ones child. Forms of physical punishment were now left to a rod or cane that was used in moderation, in ad hoc areas, and was only used for the most egregious of mistakes (Doc 11). Some members of the aristocracy abandoned physical punishment altogether, kinda relying on th e encouragement of good behavior with rewards (Doc 12). However, this method of child-rearing often led to bratty behavior in children (Doc 13).In conclusion, the changes in nursing, child care and discipline are all symptoms of a greater change, one which had religious, scientific and social roots. The newly enlightened English aristocracy changed the way in reared its children and its future generation, and in thus doing, changed the future of England.

Man vs. Machine Essay

Since the yearly Fifties science fiction flicks have depicted robots as really sophisticated machines built by human races to per micturate interlacing operations, to work with humans in unattackable critical missions, in hostile environments, or more often to pilot and control spaceships in gal moldic travels. At the same time, however, intelligent robots have also been depicted as dangerous machines, capable of on the job(p) against man through wicked plans. In the Terminator the view of the future is steady more blasting robots will become intelligent and self-conscious and will take over the human race.The dual deductive reasoning often accredited to science fiction robots represents the clear look of desire and fear that man has towards his technology. From genius hand, in fact, man projects in a robot his wild desire of immortality, holds in a regent(postnominal) and indestructible artificial organism, which intellective, sensory, and motor capabilities are much more amplified than that of a normal man. On the otherwise hand, however, there is a fear that a too advanced technology can get taboo of control, acting against man.The Terminator saga is not just a collection of Terminator, and T2. sooner the saga is one of a continue storyline that in many ways has spanned all of mans existence. Machines and technology have unceasingly presented temporary change and adversity for man to overcome. A machine may simplify a touch but take away the livelihood of a few. From the days of horse drawn carriage drivers fearing world re pratd by a key turned automobile, to todays computing device controlled manufacturing environments proles have always feared of being replaced by machine.The strength of the Terminator movies is the singular humanoid T-800 Terminators one of which is played by Arnold Schwarzenegger. enwrapped in armor, with the human bodys shape and form, it presents itself as a new evolutionary form of life. Strength, easy coordinatio n with other units, and an absolute sense of duty, drive the units forth to destroy man. From their humanoid skeletal organise and hands to their glaring red eyes, the machines scare viewers more for their similarity to man than for theirdifferences. To be replaced, to be bettered, to be conquered these are the things which drive animals to the point of extinction. These elements are the primal fears that the terminator machines strike in the human mindAs Humanity progresses, warfare has tended to move more and more away from the human combatants. Instead the battles have moved to the weapons or machines that each side uses. In the Terminator movies America extends this principal even further as humanoid machines and automated patrol crafts are used as the backbone of its defence mechanism forces. A vast computer network known as Skynet is created to coordinate battlefield tactics. It is decided to place these objective machines in charge of nuclear weapons deployment as human lea ders believe that humans could act with hast or with lack of reason in such valuable decisions. However as time progresses the computer network Skynet becomes self aware and sees the possibility of a new evolutionary age and the birth of a new order of intelligence that of the machine.In the movie, Terminator represents the prototype of imaginary robots. He can walk, talk, encompass and behave like a human being. But, what is more important, Terminator can learn He is controlled by a neural-net processor, a computer that can modify its behavior based on past experience. What makes the movie more interesting, from a philosophical point of view, is that such a neural processor is so complex that it begins to learn at an alarming rate and, after a while, it becomes self-aware In this sense, the movie raises an important question about artificial consciousness Can a machine ever become self-aware? To answer my own question not yet, at least.At the end of T2, after a serial of action- packed scenes, which would have deprived any human of life or limb, both terminators are dissolved together in their own industrial melting pot. This ending may say something about the modern combining of old and new technologies in the cinema, as it does about the integration of old and new modes of production in industry. But it also seems to me, that the days of the unthinking means of cinematic portrayal, like the traditional factory and its job-classified worker and their similar forms of representation, may be numbered.Work CitedThe Terminator. Dir. mob Cameron. Perf. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Biehn,Linda Hamilton, Paul Winfield. Artisan, 1984.Terminator 2 Judgment Day. Dir. James Cameron. Perf. Arnold Schwarzenegger, LindaHamilton, Edward Furlong, Robert Patrick. Artisan, 1991.

Friendship and Love in the Little Prince

Friendship and revere atomic number 18 essential topics in any hotshot?s lifesince through them we can sense of smell complete and alive. In The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupery novel, elemental, but non always taken into account, aspects of life are highlighted from a deep point of vista differentiating the perception an adult and a child can stimulate from the same subject, being Friendship and love the prominent ones in my consideration. Firstly, Friendship is seen as the pure mastication between an experienced man and an innocent child.The writer emphasizes the importance of a friend from the point of view of a child,this innocence is clearly opposed to the perception of an adult. Seen through the eyes of a child what is burning(prenominal) are the perceptions, ideas and emotions that a child posses which makes friendship concrete and worthwhile. The Little prince points out that a friend is not valuable because of the material belongings someone has, but the qua lities he or she posses.What makes a friend is the grimace on her or his face, the sound of the voice and the desire to have or do something that makes somebody real. bouncy and interesting. On the other hand, love is profoundly connected to friendship. In this case the superficial man becomes one with the imaginative child, being love the point in which they found each other and by room of which they would be one. The pilot finds in the sky a way of meting the Little Prince again, he says look at the sky.Ask yourselves Is it yes or not? Has the sheep eaten the flower? And you will see how everything changes. In these meaningful lines, love, fraternal love is conveyed whenever they look at the stars they will be together again. The feelings about friendship are ramp up to arm with love. In conclusion, the opposition made between adulthood and chilhood, the Pilot and the little Prince emphasize the importance of maudlin values in life. Friendship and love come up over any other subject.

Naturopathic Medicines over Pharmaceutical Medications Essay

For World Health ecesis (WHO), health of an individual is not only means of getting rid of physical illness or pain plainly involves complete mental and social wellbeing of an individual. It is muti-dimensional and involves various aspects including social environment of a person or a society. Still eighty per cent of people argon heard sound off about one or the other health problems and only one percent of people atomic number 18 in according to the WHO definition re all in ally healthy.Among several factors, its the departure of the people from our age-old organisation of naturopathic treatment towards hyped pharmaceutic Industry a product of Industrial revolution. Dr. Mathias Rath, a German-based advocate of patients rights and author of the book, wherefore Animals Dont Get Heart Attacks-But People Do, rightly said, There is an entire perseverance with an innate economic interest to obstruct, suppress and discredit any information about the eradication of diseases. (Fas eyin, 2004) He condemned millions of people who are eager to pay billions of dollars to the pharmaceutical industry for medicines that never be restored rather kills.Pharmaceutical industry is earning more than one trillion dollars by selling drugs promising cure of various diseases and are being marketed at a cost more than 55,000 percent of the raw materials, bringing profit to the hearty pharmaceutical industry and the people attached to it but without any concern to the health of the people. These drugs are barely removing symptoms instead of curing. As a result, more people are finding themselves facing deathbeds even from the delayable diseases.For e.g. few centuries back, James Lind had found that deficiency of vitamin C butt joint cause blood loss and low-spirited but shut away pharmaceutical industries dealing with medicines promising the cure of cardiovascular diseases are not supplying this information. The official RDA for vitamin C set at 60 mg is also not enoug h to prevent the disease. And the reason is the attitude of the pharmaceutical industry that looks at the cost effectiveness of the medicines rather than the health of the citizens course they find vitamin C as an unprofitable venture for the pharmaceutical industry.Allopathic medicines can cure crafty illnesses really effectively and pharmaceuticals and artificial respiration has also saved lives of millions. But if we count the side effects, these are more than the actual benefits. Several cases bring in come to light when patients have suffered from pneumonia and acute physical disfunction arising from the continuous use of steroid medication. Patients can also lose normal intestinal flora and can develop acute digestive problems.Nature has bounteous wealth of healing abilitys in its lap, which our ancient healers had productively utilized, to the advantage of the patients. Naturopathic medicines go deep into cleaning of our immune system, healing hormonal, nervous systems a nd detoxifying them and eliminating diseases from its roots thus taking care of patients complete health.Medieval Jewish writer, Maimonides reflected Platos concept of health, when he said, The cure of many diseases is unkown to the physicians because they are ignorant of the whole (body and soul) which ought to be studied also for the part can never be well, unless the whole is well. For all good and evil, whether in the body or in the human disposition originates in the soul, and overflows from thence and thitherfore if the head and body are to be well, you must begin by curing the soul that is the first thing. (Vaux & Stenberg 2002)Underlying principles of healing on which the naturopathic medicine is based makes it different from all other medical approaches. Naturopathic doctors take the individuals biochemistry, biomechanics, and emotional predispositions into account while prescribing medicines. The bodys self-healing takes into condition various aspects of body control an d strive to maintain the biological balance of the body, which is a very crucial aspect of a healthy body. The holistic or naturopathic way of healing works in combination of best scientific diagnosis methods and monitoring techniques with both ancient and innovative health forwarding methods.These methods involve use of natural diet and herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, exercises, relaxation, psycho-spiritual counseling, meditation, breathing exercises, and other self-regulatory practices taking into consideration history of patients health and his current life including family, job, and religious life and believes in elementary concept that food and nutritional supplements are the best medicine. It focuses on prevention of diseases, maintaining high-level wellness and longevity.Besides, naturopathy beckons patients to be an active participant in his or her own healing process, rather than merely becoming a passive recipient of treatment. Naturopathy deals with specific i ndividual needs, and involves in healing process of body, mind and soul. It is quite accepted that to understand about the illness, knowing about mere physical symptoms are not enough but emotional aspects of patient should also taken care of.Therefore naturopathic treatment is also called as a science of life as it regulates and maintains chemical activities in the brain, controls rhythm of heart, blood pressure, resistance power of pare down and other functions inside our body. It helps persons to overcome anxiety, depression, irritability, improve memory, create emotional stability, and proves to be a healing power for our old traumatic experiences and over and above rejuvenates our lives by giving us energy and vitality. There are several herbs that have multiple uses for human body. People have been growing herbs since centuries and their medicinal properties even contest the practitioners of medicines of today. Our ancestors were growing the herb plants in their homes. Many evidences have come to light, which show that early settlers had grown herbs deal parsley, anise, pennyroyal, sorrel, watercress, liverwort, wild leeks, and lavender across America and in other parts of the world also. They are still grown in many houses all over America and their proper use can extenuate the patients from number of diseases. They are many more herbs like ginger, which reduces the chances of heart attack and act as a protective cover for heart and blood vessels. (Naturals Herbs Guide Online)In 1983, World Health Organization suggested to make up naturopathic medicine in conventional health care systems. In 1994, Bastyr University of Natural Health Sciences, received allow for of $1 million funds from the National Institutes of Healths Office of Alternative Medicine to further the research for alternative therapies to cure the patients affected with HIV and AIDS. The diet for cancer patients recommended by the National genus Cancer Institute was first publishe d in a naturopathic medical textbook in the 1940s. Government of Germany has do it mandatory for conventional doctors and pharmaceuticals also to undergo formal training in naturopathic techniques, as they are cost-effective. (Morton & Morton 1997)Graduates of naturopathic colleges have to put in more hours of study in basic and clinical science than their counterparts in Yale or Stanford medical schools and they receive more training in therapeutic nutrition than Md.s, osteopathic physicians, or registered dietitians. In linked States alone, there are more than one thousand licensed naturopathic physicians and many provinces of Canada also issue licenses to naturopathic doctors as primary care physicians and it is expected that by the end of 2010, all fifty states will start consequence licenses to naturopathic physicians. (Alan Morton, Marry Morton 1997)There are many more healing techniques like Chiropractic, Ayurvedic Medicine, Therapeutic Massage, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)/ Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture, Acupressure, Atlas Orthogonal, Chelation Therapy, Colonics, Psychotherapy/Counseling, Movement Therapies/ Dance, Holistic Dentistry, Ear Candling- Ear Candling/ Ear Coning/ Thermal-Auricular, Feng Shui, kick Essences (Bach Flower Remedy), Herbalism, Hypnotherapy, Lymph Drainage Therapy, Ohashiatsu and Vitamin Therapy, whose basic principles and remedies lie in the various ingredients found in the nature.So why not fully utilize what the nature has given to us as only with the healthy body, there is healthy mind and only healthy mind can lead the world towards healthy living. propagation LISTFaseyin A.Y. 2004. The Pharmaceutical Cartel A Tool for Genocide. Retrieved on February 10, 2008 from W.W.W http//newafrikanvodun.com/pharm.html.Grout M.M. Allopathic Medicine. Retrieved on February 10, 2008 from W.W.W http//www.crossroadsclinic.net/articles/allopathic_medicine.htmlMorton M. A. & Morton M. 1997. Naturopathic Medicine. Retrieved on February 26, 2008 from W.W.W http//www.healthy.net/asp/templates/article.asp?PageType=Article&ID=508NaturalHerbsGuide.com. Natural Herbs, Herbal Remedies, Medicines, and Supplements Guide. Retrieved on February 26, 2008 from W.W.W http//www.naturalherbsguide.com/Vaux K.L. and Stenberg M. 2002. Covenants of Life Contemporary Medical Ethics in Light of the thought of Paul Ramsay. USA Kluwer Academic Publishers.